Overcoming market obstacles to new antibiotics

Jim O’Neill LONDON – From the strict perspective of some investors, astute financial management by a company to bolster its share price is a good thing. By this narrow logic, when it comes to the pharmaceutical industry, we should be unconcerned if drug firms’ share prices are boosted not by new discoveries, but by financial maneuvers, such as share buybacks or tax inversion. But the pharmaceutical industry is not an industry like any other. It is intrinsically bound up with the public good, having historically provided the medical innovation that is essential to society’s ability to fight disease. Furthermore, while patients are the consumers, the actual buyers are often governments. Even in the United States, public purchasers account for at least 40% of the prescription drug market. Brazil storm Christ the Redeemer Governments also bankroll much of the research underlying the industry’s profits. The US government is the world’s largest funder of medical research and development; globally, taxpayers finance a third of spending on health research. So it should come as no surprise when policymakers insist that the industry’s efforts at innovation be channeled into areas that provide the most benefit to taxpayers and patients, rather than those – like financial maneuvers – that might be most profitable for the industry in the short term. The pharmaceutical industry is at its best when private profitability and social good coincide, as it does when useful new drugs attract large market shares. But, unfortunately, that is not always the case – and the results can be tragic. In the field of antibiotics development, in particular, the divergence between profit-seeking behavior and the public good is taking the world to the brink of crisis. When antibiotics first entered into common use in the 1940s, previously dangerous conditions, such as pneumonia or infected cuts, became benign conditions that could be treated easily. Antibiotics underpin modern medicine; without them, surgery or chemotherapy become much riskier. But antibiotics lose their effectiveness over time. And whereas previous generations of scientists quickly found new substitutes, today, in many cases, doctors are down to their last line of defense. For a range of infections – including strains of pneumonia, E. coli, and gonorrhea – there are no replacements in reserve. One would think this would cause drug companies and their investors to compete to develop new antibiotics. But much of the pharmaceutical industry has abandoned this pursuit. Developing new antibiotics is difficult and expensive – and, crucially, far less profitable than investments in other important fields, such as cancer and diabetes. Part of the problem is these drugs’ unique importance. Companies are not always able to recoup their investments by setting a high price on patented antibiotics. When a new antibiotic is discovered, public health authorities rightly want to keep it in reserve, insisting that it be used only when all other options have failed. As a result, a new antibiotic may not become widely used until after its patent has expired and its inventors are forced to compete with generic manufacturers. In January, the pharmaceutical industry took a big step toward solving this problem when more than 100 companies and trade associations from more than 20 countries signed a declaration calling on governments to adopt a new model of antibiotic development. As part of this new model, the signatories committed themselves to provide access to new drugs for all those who need them, increase investment in R&D that meets global public health needs, and help slow the development of drug resistance in humans and animals. Governments should encourage and enable the industry to meet these objectives. One way would to be adopt a proposal I made last year and introduce rewards of $1 billion or more to those who develop the most-needed types of antibiotics. Such an approach would balance commercial returns with affordability, global access, and conservation, while saving governments money in the long run. Using this approach to restock the antibiotics pipeline would cost roughly $25 billion over ten years. Shared among G-20 governments, this is very little money, and would be a remarkably good investment – especially given that antibiotic resistance currently costs the US health-care system alone about $20 billion per year. Jim O’Neill is Commercial Secretary to the UK Treasury Copyright: Project syndicate

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Overcoming market obstacles to new antibiotics