International and regional trade plays a key role in expanding demand and supply of environmentally friendly goods and services and helping countries shift to a greener development path, experts said during a panel debate at a United Nations Trade and Development conference in Doha, Qatar, which last week.Experts stressed that trade will be an essential factor in ensuring economic growth without increasing environmental risks, as well as social disparities and poverty – and emphasised the importance of addressing this issue during the upcoming UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), which will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June.But when it comes to regional blocs; how many is enough? East African countries find themselves in the East African Community (EAC), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (Comesa), the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) and all have Customs Union and trade protocols, leading to numerous tax regimes and agreements.In West Africa, the Economic Commission for West Africa (ECOWAS) has gone from strength and has a robust political army and a standing regional army.That is not bad, says the UN trade agency; more inter-regional trade leads to growth and development.The discussion was part of the events held during the 13th session of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, known as UNCTAD XIII, the first ministerial conference on trade and development since the fallout from the 2007-2008 global economic crisis. The sessions are held every four years, and the theme of this year’s session was Development-centred globalisation: Towards inclusive and sustainable growth and development.During the panel discussion, UNCTAD’s Secretary-General, Supachai Panitchpakdi, underlined that while markets can help with structural transformations needed to move towards a green economy, governments play an essential role as regulators and supporters of sustainable trade policies."Each country has to define its own path towards a green economy,” Supachai said, adding that trade can stimulate the diffusion of clean technologies by transmitting to countries the growing environmental preferences of consumer in world markets.He recommended the creation of an initiative that could assist developing countries to seize trade opportunities that arise from the emerging global green economy and the establishment of a Global Trade and Green Economy Forum where States can engage in dialogue and address their concerns about "green protectionism” as many countries fear that implementing greener measures may put them at a disadvantage in the global market.The conference highlighted initiatives to help countries make the transition to greener trade, such as UNCTAD’s BioTrade programme, which helps developing countries gain market access for their products made from the sustainable use of their flora and fauna. Countries such as Peru and Indonesia have taken advantage of this initiative, with Peru’s biodiversity- based product exports having increased ten-fold over the last 10 years, and Indonesia having seen a significant growth in its natural cosmetic products industry.UNCATD XIII, which involved negotiations, panel discussions and ministerial meetings among other events, lasted for six days, and the resulting text, known as the Doha Mandate, was agreed today on by consensus by its 194 Member States after negotiations over the previous months.On UNCTAD XIII’s theme of "development-centred globalisation,” the Doha Mandate states that "several challenges have to be met to realise development-centred globalisation. In this regard, finance should support the real economy in support of sustained, inclusive and equitable economic growth and sustainable development. All countries, developed and developing alike, can pay serious political, economic and social costs from financial shocks.”It also states that another challenge is eliminating hunger and achieving food security, noting that "securing adequate access to food – one of the most basic human needs – is a priority.” Issues related to energy must be addressed, the outcome text says, including volatile prices and access, including access to renewable energy."Development-centred globalisation sets the stage for inclusive growth and development, and contributes towards reducing poverty and creating jobs,” the Doha Mandate continues. "Discussions on globalisation should be balanced, highlighting its benefits, acknowledging its risks and addressing its challenges.”Other issues highlighted by the text include obtaining access to renewable energy, dealing with public debt, and disseminating technology to developing countries.Established in 1964, UNCTAD promotes the development-friendly integration of developing countries into the world economy, and seeks to help shape current policy debates and thinking on development, with a particular focus on ensuring that domestic policies and international action are mutually supportive in bringing about sustainable development.It has long maintained that the current global economic and financial system has allowed a lop-sided system to flourish, with some participants reaping the benefits while global income inequality and financial imbalances have also accumulated.