MORE FREEDOMS:Africa takes the bruntA fresh debate on whether governments should include universally agreed international human rights norms and standards, as well as accountability mechanisms, in their national goals has erupted.This is ahead of the international sustainable development forum in June. But the debate is not new; economists and political analysts have pointed out that countries with more freedoms and a greater respect for human rights tend to develop better and faster than those that restrict such freedoms.Africa finds itself at the receiving end of criticisms that by restricting the freedoms of its people it is losing the development pace due to brain drain and the use of state resources to put down riots and other civil unrest.At the national level, governments are being urged to establish their own national accountability mechanisms, including independent monitoring and civil society participation, in order to evaluate progress towards achieving the sustainable development goals. The trend in most developing countries is to develop national human rights oganisations which routinely churn out reports but have no enforcement mechanism."Global goals are easily set, but seldom met,” said the 22 human rights experts in an open letter to governments, as the first round of informal negotiations ahead of the UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) opened in New York on Monday."A real risk exists that commitments made in Rio [de Janeiro] will remain empty promises without effective monitoring and accountability,” they said.Both mainstream and social media have been co-opted to keep the spirit of the Rio+20 conference, to be held from 20 to 22 June in Brazil alive. It is expected to lay the foundation for a set of global sustainable development goals to complement and strengthen the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the anti-poverty and social development targets that have an achievement deadline of 2015. "Learning from the mistakes of the Millennium Development Goals, the new sustainable goals must integrate the full range of human rights linked with sustainable development, and human rights must be the benchmark for whether or not inclusive, equitable and sustainable development is occurring,” the independent experts said.Two decades after the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, and 10 years after the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa, the mounting effects of climate change and environmental degradation have raised the stakes, they said. Both the goals to be elaborated in Rio and the means of reviewing progress must be based on human rights, they added."Human rights have guided 60-plus years of progress by providing a legal baseline for political actions. Human rights must now be the glue in Rio: they must bind countries to the commitments they make. States have an opportunity in Rio to create the transformative changes needed or else fare no better than in previous global attempts in this regard.”They suggested that Rio+20 establish an international accountability mechanism similar to the UN Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review, which subjects each country’s human rights record to a State-led peer review on the basis of information submitted by the country concerned, UN entities, civil society and other stakeholders. "Science tells us that we are reaching a set of environmental tipping points. We must therefore make Rio+20 the political tipping point."Our futures and planet are at stake, and we have three months to shape the ideas and political consensus that this huge task requires,” said the experts dealing with, among other issues, water and sanitation; indigenous peoples; internally displaced persons; toxic waste; health; minority issues; adequate housing; and extreme poverty.As negotiations on the Rio+20 outcome document resumed at UN Headquarters, countries submitted additional comments since the initial round of talks in January. The "zero draft” of the document, entitled ‘The Future We Want,’ was based on more than 6,000 pages of submissions from UN Member States, civil society groups and businesses, among other actors. "The reason we are gathering here now is because at Rio+20 we must agree on solutions to major global challenges for the sake of everyone, with an eye towards tomorrow’s generations,” said Sha Zukang, Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs and Secretary-General of the Rio+20 conference. "Rio+20 can be the moment when we say we determined the future we want. I urge everyone to realise the opportunities afforded at Rio+20 and to seize them now.” In addition to the submissions by States, the UN Secretary-General’s High-Level Panel on Global Sustainability has made 56 recommendations, including a proposal to move towards a "new political economy” that would change the way the world measures economic progress to include social and environmental consequences.