Thyroid is an important endocrine gland of the body, which influences metabolism and reproduction in the human body.  Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid hormones are   produced in insufficient quantity in the body or destroyed due to certain processes, leading to over all deficiency of the hormones. Deficient functioning of this gland disturbs the body functioning in many ways. 

The person   suffers from lethargy, easy fatigability, increased intolerance to cold.  There is  difficulty in concentration and  poor memory,   blunting of intellect occurs   in advanced cases.

The individual develops neuropathy causing troublesome parasthesias in hands and feet,  There is pain in limbs, joints and  muscle    cramps.

It also affects the cosmetic appearance by causing hair loss, dry and brittle hair, dry skin and swelling over face and body.  Goitre, the swelling which develops in front of neck due to thyroid disturbances itself looks ungainly and tells others openly that something is wrong with the thyroid. 

Digestion of the person  is affected and he or she starts suffering from chronic constipation.  There is also loss of appetite. Hoarseness of voice is another troublesome complaint.

It may be associated with difficulty in breathing and  swallowing . Women suffer from menstrual disorders and even sterility.

In pregnancy there is a high risk of perinatal mortality and producing mentally retarded children known as cretins.  Children developing hypothyroidism because of any reason, have delayed mile stones of development  and intellectual impairment.

It is this manifestation which is of utmost concern to all concerned. Because this is a preventable cause of  mental retardation.

Functioning of thyroid gland is influenced by pituitary gland which is the master gland of the body. Therefore tumors, infections, trauma, e.t.c. problems of pituitary gland can affect functioning of thyroid gland and cause hypothyroidism.

Drugs like antithyroid drugs ( used to treat hyper functioning of thyroid gland) can lead to hyperthyroidism  after some time.

Ablation of thyroid gland by radiation or surgery for tumors or hyperthyroidism can also induce hypothyroidism because of reduction in the thyroid tissue.

Some infections, inflammatory conditions and autoimmune disease like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis also cause hypothyroidism.

If somebody is taking  treatment for hypothyroidism for a long time and stops the drug thyroxine  suddenly, he can also develop hypothyroidism.

Apart from the other causes, most basic and common cause for hypothyroidism is  deficiency of iodine in diet. In areas where the soil or water lacks iodine, people are prone to develop deficiency of thyroid hormones, producing a condition known as endemic goiter, because it is prevalent chronically in that area.

Largest number of  such cases are present in base of Himalaya mountain ranges. People living in area around rift valley in central and eastern Africa   are  also said to be susceptible to hypothyroidism.

Specific  blood tests are done to assess the level of thyroid hormones in the blood, which help to confirm the diagnosis and also help to evaluate the treatment.

Treatment of hypothyroidism is by hormone replacement therapy.  Deficiency of endogenous thyroid hormones is replaced by the hormone externally   in form of tablets.

Treatment has to be evaluated at regular intervals to avoid development of the opposite condition, i.e. hyperthyroidism.

Diet rich in whole grains like oat, rice, wheat is useful in hypothyroidism as it helps in synthesis of thyroid hormones by providing different components of vitamin B.

complex. Lean meat like fish provides iodine and helps in correction of this disorder. Fresh fruits particularly bananas are also helpful in this regard.

Certain things like  cabbage, broccoli, red meat should be avoided, because these food substances interfere with thyroid hormone synthesis and induce goiter.

Fiber rich food helps in synthesis of thyroid hormones and also helps in reducing the weight gained due to hypothyroidism.

Person suffering from hypothyroidism is advised to eat small frequent meals, as this can be very well absorbed in face of low metabolism of the body.

Table salts fortified with iodine are  available for correction of endemic goiter, but their benefit versus risk of inducing hyperthyroidism makes their use debatable.

Hypothyroidism not only affects individuals  but productivity of the society as whole. People need to be sensitized about  it  because it is a cause for much morbidity which can be very well prevented.

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