Rwanda is located in the Albertine Rift, a region considered especially rich in biodiversity, making it ideal for conservation and ecotourism. From the protection of national parks to advancing responsible tourism, the country has demonstrated a strong commitment to promoting biodiversity conservation, payment for ecosystem services, and sustainable travel. 

This commitment was formalised through Rwanda’s Green Growth and Climate Resilience Strategy, which includes ‘Ecotourism, Conservation and Payment of Ecosystem Services’ as one of 14 programmes of action. 

Here are five ways Rwanda is promoting ecotourism and conserving its natural heritage.

1. Creation of Gishwati-Mukura National Park and designation as UNESCO Biosphere Reserve

A golden monkey at Gishwati-Mukura forest national Park.Rwanda’s Gishwati-Mukura landscape has been named among the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Photo by Sam Ngendahimana

In 2016, Gishwati-Mukura was established as a legally protected area and the country’s fourth national park after Nyungwe, Akagera and the Volca­noes National Parks. Four years later, the landscape was named among the World Network of Biosphere Reserves by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

The rehabilitation of the Gishwati-Mukura landscape and the creation of the national park was made possible by the Landscape Approach to Forest Restoration and Conservation (LAFREC) Project implemented by Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) with the support of the Global Environment Facility through the World Bank, and the Forest of Hope Association. 

This achievement has led to the sustainable conservation and management of Gishwati-Mukura National Park, new opportunities for community empowerment, education and research for sustainable development as well as for eco- and community tourism.

The Gishwati Forest Reserve is a secondary montane rainforest fragment located just south of Volcanoes National Park in western Rwanda. It is part of the Congo-Nile Divide forest complex that includes Nyungwe National Park in Rwanda and the contiguous Kibira National Park in BurundI. The Park is made up of two separate forests – the larger Gishwati and small Mukura, forming a total of 34 square kilometres plus a buffer zone, according to the Rwanda Development Board (RDB).

Gishwati-Mukura National Park and Biosphere Reserve is known for a wide range of flo­ra and fauna. A study commissioned by REMA in 2018 idenfied over 252 and 244 species in Mukura and Gishwati forests, respectively.

2. Mountain gorilla conservation and re-introduction of threatened and endangered species

Prime Minister Edouard Ngirente (center) and delegates who named baby gorillas during the annual Kwita Izina ceremony in Kinigi in 2018. / Courtesy

The Government of Rwanda, through the Rwanda Development Board and in collaboration with conservation partners, has achieved success in protecting and increasing the endangered mountain gorilla population and conserving its habitat. 

Thanks to community led conservation efforts, the mountain gorilla population in the Virunga Massif has increased from 480 in 2010 to 604 as of June 2016. Today, mountain gorillas are the only great ape species increasing in number in the world and the species was recently down-listed from critically endangered to endangered on the IUCN Red List.

Rwanda is also planning to invest $255 million (approx. 260bn Frw) in an ambitious plan to expand the volcanoes national park by approximately 23 percent, increasing its size by 37.4 square kilometres (or 3,740 hectares). 

In 2015, the Government of Rwanda teamed up with African Parks to reintroduce lions to Akagera National Park after two decades of local extinction. This conservation milestone was followed by the reintroduction of 18 critically endangered Eastern black rhinos in 2017, further advancing the restoration of the park’s biodiversity. In 2019, five additional rhinos from European zoos were translocated to Rwanda to increase the genetic diversity of the country’s rhino population.

As a result of these efforts, the populations of these endangered animal species have increased, playing a crucial role in saving them from extinction. Since 2015, the lion population has more than quadrupled to reach 35 lions in 2020 and it keeps growing while large mammal numbers increased from 4,000 to over 13,500 since 2010, according to African Parks, the organization that manages the park.

3. Investments in ecotourism

A view of the main gate of the newly completed Nyandungu Urban Wetland Eco Tourism Park on December 18, 2021. The 121.7 hectares wetland park located right in the heart of its capital Kigali . The park boasts of walkways and cycling lanes stretching for over eight kilometres. Photo by Sam Ngendahimana

Rwanda’s tourism sector is the country’s leading foreign exchange earner. In 2019, the sector earned US $498 million. Within the industry. Ecotourism is quickly becoming dominant, thanks to the demand from travellers seeking low-impact experiences. 

Rwanda has positioned itself as a high-yield, low volume destination in keeping with its conservation-centric approach to tourism. This strategy has attracted several high-end lodges and professional management such as international brands including Singita, One&Only, Wilderness Safaris and Mantis Collection and local brands such as The Retreat, Amakoro Songa Africa, Sabyinyo Silverback Lodge and The Bishop’s House. 

These and other hospitality brands have made a valuable addition to the tourism offering, providing a diverse range of world class accommodation and experiences and contributing to conservation efforts - especially reforestation. As a result, Rwanda has been recognised by leading international travel publications as one of the top global destinations for luxury ecotourism.

Rwanda has also invested in the creation of eco-tourism parks to spur growth of the sector. The latest is the Nyandungu Urban Eco-Tourism Park, a 121.7 hectares wetland park located right in the heart of its capital Kigali. The ecotourism-park boosts ornamental ponds, gallery forests, medicinal plant gardens, paved walk ways and cycle lanes, restaurants, information centre, recreational and other biodiversity services. Since 2016, Rwanda invested about 6.3 billion Rwandan francs to restore and create the Nyandungu Park, according to the Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA). This investment could generate up to 1 billion Rwandan francs in revenue for the government during the first decade of operation of the site. The restoration of Nyandungu wetland into a Wetland Eco-park will also improve the ecological functioning, aesthetics and recreational potential of the wetland.

Through its partnership with the Ministry of Environment and Rwanda Environment Management Authority, GGGI provided technical support throughout the restoration of Nyandungu urban wetland, starting with the development of the eco-park master plan, design and Bill of Quantities review and technical validation workshops. This technical support was part of GGGI’s work to strengthen climate resilience in the City of Kigali. Thanks to the GGGI support and the collaborative efforts with all the stakeholders involved in the project, Nyandungu Wetland Eco-Park was designed, developed and constructed with green infrastructure and services strategies for green energy, saving and recycling water, use of local and natural materials as well as architectural designs that maximize natural lighting and ventilation.

Rwanda’s conservation efforts would not have been a success without the power of partnerships. The Government of Rwanda works hand-in-hand with several partners to support the promotion of biodiversity conservation, and enable Rwanda to invest in nature and communities.

4. Protection of national parks

The protection of national parks and payment of ecosystems count among significant conservation achievements in Rwanda. This has been achieved through the expansion of the Akagera National Park buffer zone, the long term protection of Nyungwe and Akagera national parks through a unique partnership with African Parks, and the rehabilitation and establishment of Gishwati-Mukura National Park. Investments were also made in law enforcement activities in and around national parks as well as community engagement and education interventions. Raising awareness about the value of biodiversity and ecosystem services and the steps for its sustainable use and conservation play an important in the country’s efforts to protect biodiversity, mostly across its five parks.

The Government of Rwanda also recently announced plans to expand Volcanoes National Park due to its growing mountain gorilla population and vision for community livelihood improvement. This once in a generation initiative will expand the park by approximately 23%, increasing its size by 37.4 square kilometres (3,740 hectares). According to RDB, this $255 million expansion is expected to enhance the effective habitat functioning of the park, increase gorilla habitat and reduce human-wildlife conflict by 80 percent.

To ensure the best use of community benefit funds, Rwanda promotes close ownership, participation and technical support from local communities. Promising projects include payment for ecosystem services schemes with tea factories compensating forest-adjacent communities for water filtration services provided by protected areas and promoting the rehabilitation of degraded areas such as Gishwati and Mukura forests.

In addition, 10% of park tourism revenue is invested in the communities surrounding Rwanda’s national parks, which fosters ownership and builds a constituency for conservation. Between 2005, over FRW 6.5 billion was distributed by Rwanda Development Board (RDB) to 780 community-based projects as part of this tourism revenue share scheme. Investment through this scheme target projects in the sectors of agriculture, infrastructure, and education, which directly benefit communities around the parks. Rwanda has also established a fund to compensate for any damage caused by wildlife, which is financed by 5% of tourism revenue.

Rwanda’s conservation efforts aim to maintain and expand the country’s protected areas as key economic assets supporting climate-resilience, and acting as havens for biodiversity and sources of vital ecosystem services.

5. Utilising Payment for Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital Accounts

Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) occurs when a beneficiary or user of an ecosystem service makes a direct or indirect payment to the provider of that service. The idea is that whoever preserves or maintains an ecosystem service should get an incentive for doing so. To promote this model of environmental conservation, Rwanda has partnered with Costa Rica and is developing a scalable PES system. 

Rwanda has also developed Natural Capital Accounts for land, water, minerals and ecosystems (key natural resource pillars of economic development and sustainable growth). Natural Capital Accounts (NCA) are an important resource for tracking progress on socioeconomic, environment, and natural resource indicators. The NCA approach helps to integrate natural resources into economic analysis and can provide a broader picture of development progress by providing consistent, reliable data to support economic assessments and sound policy formation.

The country has also set a target to allocate 37.7% of land to conservation in its National Land Use and Development Master Plan. This demonstrates the Government of Rwanda’s commitment to environment protection, natural resource management and climate change preparedness.

Learn more at www.rdb.rw and www.visitrwanda.com.