The origin of indoor air pollution goes back to the early and primitive times, marking a significant chapter in human history when communal settlements emerged, and the use of fire for warmth, cooking, and light became a fundamental aspect of daily life.
As communities settled in confined spaces, the unintended consequences of this essential innovation began to unfold. While fire provided a source of comfort and sustenance, it also introduced indoor air pollution, setting in motion a complex interplay between human activities and the quality of the air we breathe within enclosed spaces.
Indoor air pollution refers to the poor quality of air within and around the structures and buildings. It leads to certain health problems. Most of the indoor air pollutants are produced within the building, whereas some of the pollutants might enter from outside due to improper ventilation.
Health effects due to poor indoor air quality generally occur after years of exposure to pollutants but some health effects like irritation in the throat, eyes, and nose, dizziness, and headache might occur even after a short-term exposure to the pollutants.
As our collective knowledge has expanded, so too has our awareness of the intricate interplay between indoor air conditions and human health. Scientific research has illuminated the diverse sources of indoor pollutants, ranging from common household products to building materials, highlighting the need for targeted interventions. The recognition of the health risks associated with indoor air pollution, such as respiratory issues and other health concerns, has spurred a growing emphasis on developing comprehensive strategies for air quality management.
A quick review of medical literature in Rwanda shows there is a paucity of research findings linked to studies about indoor pollution, but a case report published in the Rwanda Public Health Bulletin reports a few fatal cases following indoor pollution in Rwanda. The Rwanda Environment Management Authority also reports that for most parts of the country, the concentrations of pollutants in indoor and outdoor air are slightly above or within safe limits of national air quality standards, but above indicative levels of the World Health Organization.
Exposures are particularly higher in urban than rural areas of the country. A study undertaken by REMA in December 2017 concluded that there is no single sector that is the biggest contributor to air pollution in Rwanda. However, the study concluded, in locations adjacent to busy roads, particularly in urban areas, vehicle emissions are the biggest contributor to poor air quality whereas domestic biomass cook stoves (wood and charcoal) are the primary contributors to poor air quality in residential areas.
The significance of indoor air quality cannot be overstated, as it exerts a substantial influence on human health, overall well-being, and performance. This impact is particularly pronounced in children, a demographic known for its heightened vulnerability and sensitivity to the presence of indoor air pollutants.
The environments in which children spend a significant portion of their time, such as homes and schools, play a crucial role in shaping their respiratory and overall health. Poor indoor air quality can contribute to a range of health issues, from respiratory conditions to allergies, potentially hindering cognitive development and academic performance.
Recognising the profound impact on the youngest members of our communities, it becomes imperative to delve into the complexities of indoor air quality management and advocate for measures that ensure a healthier and more conducive indoor environment for children to thrive.
Communities need to act individually and collectively to respond to this issue. Reducing reliance on biomass, such as charcoal and firewood, and avoiding open burning can significantly contribute to cleaner indoor air, especially in rural communities.
Opting for less polluting domestic stoves or alternative fuels like gas and electricity is another impactful solution. We need to opt for energy-efficient and low-pollution vehicles, including zero-emission electric cars that are now a common sight in the streets of Rwanda, or encourage alternative means of transportation, such as walking, biking, or using public transport.
Conserving energy by turning off lights and electronic equipment when not in use, replacing incandescent bulbs with energy-efficient alternatives, and limiting the use of air conditioners in favour of natural ventilation, are practical steps towards fostering healthier indoor environments. These simple yet impactful actions empower individuals to play a vital role in mitigating indoor air pollution and promoting overall well-being.
In a significant move to address indoor pollution, Rwanda took a proactive step by launching the Air Quality Monitoring System on September 7, 2021, aligning with the International Day of Clean Air for blue skies. This initiative underscores the country's commitment to prioritising air quality and highlights the global efforts to create a healthier environment. This move continues to emphasise the ongoing need for concerted efforts to sustain and enhance air quality. The commitment to optimising air quality is not only crucial for the immediate well-being of the population but also aligns with broader initiatives for environmental sustainability in Rwanda.
Dr Vincent Mutabazi is an applied epidemiologist.
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